{"id":9955,"date":"2023-01-21T18:22:36","date_gmt":"2023-01-21T18:22:36","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/piezometri-tipologie-caratteristiche-e-utilizzo-nellanalisi-idrogeologica-dei-terreni\/"},"modified":"2023-03-09T10:43:36","modified_gmt":"2023-03-09T10:43:36","slug":"piezometrul-tipologii-caracteristici-si-utilizari-in-analiza-hidrogeologica-a-solului","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/ro\/piezometrul-tipologii-caracteristici-si-utilizari-in-analiza-hidrogeologica-a-solului\/","title":{"rendered":"Piezometrul"},"content":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n

\n

Piezometrul<\/h2>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Ce este un piezometru?<\/h2>\n

Piezometrul este un instrument de m\u0103surare a nivelului p\u00e2nzei freatice \u0219i\/sau a presiunilor intersti\u021biale.<\/strong> Acest instrumentar este instalat \u00een forajul efectuat cu carotare continu\u0103<\/a><\/u> sau distrugere a miezului.<\/p>\n

Tipuri de piezometru<\/h2>\n

Exist\u0103 diferite tipuri de piezometru adoptate \u00een condi\u021bii de complexitate hidrogeologic\u0103 redus\u0103 la cea prezent\u0103 \u00een situl de studiu. Mai jos sunt c\u00e2teva dintre ele.<\/p>\n

\n

Piezometru cu tub deschis<\/em><\/strong><\/h2>\n<\/blockquote>\n

\u00cen condi\u021bii hidrogeologice simple<\/u>, caracterizate printr-o singur\u0103 p\u00e2nz\u0103 freatic\u0103 liber\u0103, alegerea cea mai potrivit\u0103 \u0219i economic\u0103 pentru m\u0103surarea nivelului apei subterane este piezometrul cu tub deschis <\/strong>(Fig.1A<\/strong><\/span>). Se compune dintr-o \u021beav\u0103 din PVC cr\u0103pat\u0103 sau micro-\u021besut\u0103 (fig. 1 B \u0219i C<\/strong><\/span>) \u00een sec\u021biunile \u00eenclinate \u0219i instalat\u0103 \u00een interiorul forajului.<\/p>\n

Trebuie acordat\u0103 o aten\u021bie deosebit\u0103 plas\u0103rii pietri\u0219ului silicios calibrat<\/a><\/u> \u00een spa\u021biul dintre conducta piezometric\u0103 \u0219i perforare. \u00cen general, se recomand\u0103 izolarea primilor 2-3 metri de suprafa\u021b\u0103 prin injectarea bentonitului \u00een cavitate, pentru a evita ca apa curg\u0103toare s\u0103 ajung\u0103 \u00een p\u00e2nza freatic\u0103.<\/p>\n

\u00cen condi\u021bii hidrogeologice mai complexe<\/u>, caracterizate prin p\u00e2nze freatice sub presiune sau arteziene \u00een contexte multifalda, se recomand\u0103 utilizarea piezometrelor Casagrande sau cu vibra\u021bii Chord (explicate \u00een paragrafele urm\u0103toare) prin introducerea metodelor de izolare a apelor subterane sub presiune \u00een raport cu fluxul liber.<\/p>\n

Impactul permeabilit\u0103\u021bii solului asupra timpului necesar pentru restabilirea condi\u021biilor hidrogeologice pentru prima lectur\u0103.<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

Odat\u0103 ce faza de instalare a conductei piezometrice a fost finalizat\u0103, va fi necesar s\u0103 a\u0219tepta\u021bi o anumit\u0103 perioad\u0103 de timp pentru prima citire. Acest timp depinde foarte mult de permeabilitatea solurilor, deoarece este necesar s\u0103 se restabileasc\u0103 condi\u021biile de echilibru hidrogeologic. \u00cen special, utilizarea fluidelor de circula\u021bie \u00een timpul fazei de foraj modific\u0103 nivelul static al p\u00e2nzei freatice. \u00cen cazul solurilor inconsistente sau al litotipurilor fracturate, prima citire poate fi efectuat\u0103 \u0219i \u00een ziua urm\u0103toare finaliz\u0103rii anchetei, \u00een timp ce pentru solurile coezive (n\u0103moluri \u0219i argile) va fi necesar s\u0103 se a\u0219tepte cel pu\u021bin 7-10 zile.<\/p>\n

\"Piezometrul

Figura 1<\/strong> <\/span> \u2013 Piezometru cu tub deschis cu detalii fotografice ale tuburilor din PVC oarbe \u0219i micro-\u021besute<\/em><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

M\u0103surarea nivelului apei \u00een interiorul piezometrelor cu tub deschis se face de obicei de c\u0103tre contorul de frecven\u021b\u0103 electric sau de c\u0103tre un traductor de presiune (Fig.2<\/strong><\/span>).<\/p>\n

\"freatimetro

Figura 2<\/strong><\/span> \u2013 A) Diagrama de utilizare a freatimetrului, B) Instrumentarea freatimetrului \u0219i capacul de protec\u021bie al conductelor piezometrice.<\/em><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

Pentru ce teren este potrivit?<\/h3>\n

Este potrivit \u00een principal pentru soluri grosiere nisipoase-gravate.<\/p>\n

\n

Piezometru de Casagrande<\/em><\/h2>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Spre deosebire de piezometrul cu tub deschis, Casagrande<\/strong> permite m\u0103surarea presiunilor neutre.
\nPrincipiul de func\u021bionare se bazeaz\u0103 pe modificarea volumului unui vas (\u00een acest caz piezometrul) dup\u0103 scufundarea \u00eentr-o p\u00e2nz\u0103 freatic\u0103. Presiunea apei care ac\u021bioneaz\u0103 pe partea inferioar\u0103 a piezometrului exercit\u0103 presiune asupra pistonului \u00een mi\u0219care, provoc\u00e2nd o modificare a volumului piezometrului \u00eensu\u0219i.
\nPresiunea exercitat\u0103 asupra pistonului \u00een mi\u0219care este transmis\u0103 unui traductor de presiune. Acesta din urm\u0103 ofer\u0103 o citire a presiunii exercitate de apele subterane, care pot fi utilizate pentru a determina presiunea apei<\/strong> \u00een acel moment.
\n\u00cen plus, modificarea volumului piezometrului poate fi utilizat\u0103 pentru a determina debitul acviferelor.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"Filtri

Figura 3<\/strong> <\/span>– Filtre Casagrande \u0219i sistem piezometric (de la Sisgeo srl mod.)<\/em><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

Instrumentul este format dintr-un tub cilindric (o\u021bel sau PVC) cu un cap\u0103t deschis \u0219i cel\u0103lalt \u00eenchis de un piston mobil (Fig.3<\/strong><\/span>). Tubul conecteaz\u0103 elementul poros (la baza piezometrului) la suprafa\u021ba g\u0103urii (la parter).<\/p>\n

Citirea nivelului piezometric sau a presiunii poate avea loc prin traductoare de presiune sau prin citirea cu o sond\u0103 electric\u0103 sau un contor de frecven\u021b\u0103.<\/p>\n

Pentru ce teren este potrivit?<\/h3>\n

Este potrivit \u00een principal pentru soluri coezive (argile \u0219i limi).<\/p>\n

\n

Piezometru cu fr\u00e2nghie vibratoare<\/em><\/h2>\n<\/blockquote>\n

Un piezometru cu corzi vibratoare este un tip de instrument utilizat pentru a m\u0103sura presiunea apei intersti\u021biale sau nivelul apei \u00een medii care nu mai sunt accesibile dup\u0103 instalare.
\nDispozitivul const\u0103 dintr-un \u0219ir vibrator (de obicei din o\u021bel sau fibr\u0103 de carbon), o unitate de control pentru a vibra firul, un senzor pentru a detecta viteza de propagare a undelor sonore \u0219i un sistem de \u00eenregistrare pentru a \u00eenregistra date (Fig.4<\/strong><\/span>).<\/p>\n

\"corda

Fig.4<\/strong><\/span> – Piezometre cu cablu vibrator (vibrating wire piezometer, da Soil instruments)<\/em><\/span><\/p><\/div>\n

\u0218irul este trecut \u00een interiorul uni foraj, iar presiunea apei intersti\u021biale este determinat\u0103 prin m\u0103surarea vitezei de propagare a undelor sonore de-a lungul \u0219irului. Viteza de propagare a undelor sonore depinde de presiunea apelor subterane. \u00cen general, datorit\u0103 rezisten\u021bei \u0219i durabilit\u0103\u021bii lor, ele sunt utilizate pentru lucr\u0103ri mari, cum ar fi baraje, tuneluri, poduri etc<\/p>\n

Pentru ce teren este potrivit?<\/h3>\n

Acesta poate fi utilizat \u00eentr-o varietate de soluri, de la mai grosier la mai fin.<\/p>\n

<\/h2>\n

Concluzie<\/h2>\n

Fiecare tip de piezometru are avantajele \u0219i dezavantajele sale, avantaje \u0219i dezavantaje (cum ar fi costul, instalarea, adaptabilitatea la condi\u021biile de mediu, \u00eentre\u021binerea) \u0219i nu exist\u0103 un singur tip de piezometru care s\u0103 fie solu\u021bia perfect\u0103 pentru fiecare situa\u021bie, deci, este important s\u0103 alege\u021bi cea mai potrivit\u0103 pentru nevoile specifice ale proiectului.<\/p>\n

[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text] Piezometrul Ce este un piezometru? Piezometrul este un instrument de m\u0103surare a nivelului p\u00e2nzei freatice \u0219i\/sau a presiunilor intersti\u021biale. Acest instrumentar este instalat \u00een forajul efectuat cu carotare continu\u0103 sau distrugere a miezului. Tipuri de piezometru Exist\u0103 diferite tipuri de piezometru adoptate \u00een condi\u021bii de complexitate hidrogeologic\u0103 redus\u0103 la cea prezent\u0103 \u00een situl de…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16822,"featured_media":9518,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1595,1969,2064,2230,1998,1443,824],"tags":[2075,2238,2239,2237,2236,2235],"class_list":["post-9955","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-geologie","category-geotehnica-ro","category-hidraulica","category-hidrologie","category-incercari-in-situ","category-articoli-geotecnica-ro","category-santiere","tag-hidraulica","tag-hidrologie","tag-masurarea-panzei-freatice","tag-piezometrul","tag-presiunilor-interstitiale","tag-santier","category-1595","category-1969","category-2064","category-2230","category-1998","category-1443","category-824","description-off"],"yoast_head":"\nPiezometrul - Geostru Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Piezometrul este un instrument de m\u0103surare a nivelului p\u00e2nzei freatice \u0219i\/sau a presiunilor intersti\u021biale.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/ro\/piezometrul-tipologii-caracteristici-si-utilizari-in-analiza-hidrogeologica-a-solului\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ro_RO\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Piezometrul\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Piezometrul Ce este un piezometru? 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