{"id":9172,"date":"2022-12-12T20:42:17","date_gmt":"2022-12-12T20:42:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/il-metodo-osservazionale-nella-progettazione-geotecnica\/"},"modified":"2023-01-10T13:46:43","modified_gmt":"2023-01-10T13:46:43","slug":"metoda-observationala-in-proiectarea-geotehnica","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/ro\/metoda-observationala-in-proiectarea-geotehnica\/","title":{"rendered":"Metoda observa\u021bional\u0103 \u00een proiectarea geotehnic\u0103"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00cen conformitate cu <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ngm2016.com\/uploads\/2\/1\/7\/9\/21790806\/eurocode_7_-_geotechnical_designen.1997.1.2004.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Eurocod 7 Partea 1<\/a>, atunci c\u00e2nd predic\u021bia comportamentului geotehnic este dificil\u0103, poate fi oportun\u0103 aplicarea abord\u0103rii cunoscute sub numele de &#8222;<strong>metoda observa\u021bional\u0103<\/strong>&#8222;, \u00een care proiectul este revizuit \u00een timpul construc\u021biei.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Aceast\u0103 metod\u0103 se aplic\u0103 prin urm\u0103toarea procedur\u0103:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">trebuie stabilite <strong>limitele de acceptabilitate a valorilor anumitor m\u0103rimi reprezentative<\/strong> pentru comportamentul complexului structur\u0103-sol;<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>trebuie s\u0103 se demonstreze c\u0103 solu\u021bia aleas\u0103 este acceptabil\u0103 \u00een raport cu aceste limite;<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">trebuie avute \u00een <strong>vedere solu\u021bii alternative<\/strong> (<strong>\u00een cazul \u00een care se presupune c\u0103 se vor atinge limitele declarate<\/strong>), care s\u0103 fie congruente cu proiectul, \u0219i trebuie <strong>definite sarcinile economice relevante;<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>trebuie stabilit un sistem adecvat de monitorizare \u00een curs de desf\u0103\u0219urare,<\/strong> cu planurile de control asociate, <strong>astfel \u00eenc\u00e2t una dintre solu\u021biile alternative s\u0103 poat\u0103 fi adoptat\u0103 \u00een timp util \u00een cazul \u00een care se ating limitele stabilite.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Primele dou\u0103 puncte se refer\u0103 la definirea <strong>limitelor de acceptabilitate<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Limitele acceptabile sunt acele valori ale anumitor m\u0103rimi care sunt reprezentative pentru comportamentul complexului structur\u0103-sol.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Celelalte trei puncte, pe de alt\u0103 parte, se refer\u0103 la <a href=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/ro\/recomandari-isrm-international-society-for-rock-mechanics-pentru-monitorizarea-geotehnica\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">monitorizarea complexului de lucru pe teren<\/a> descris \u00een sec\u021biunea urm\u0103toare.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Supravegherea complexului de lucru pe teren<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Monitorizarea complexului de lucru \u0219i a interven\u021biilor are loc prin instalarea de instrumente adecvate \u0219i prin <strong>m\u0103surarea unor m\u0103rimi fizice semnificative:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>deplas\u0103ri, tensiuni, for\u021be \u0219i presiuni intersti\u021bial-<\/strong>\u00eenainte, \u00een timpul \u0219i\/sau dup\u0103 la construc\u021bia lucr\u0103rii de proiect.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Monitorizarea trebuie s\u0103 verifice coresponden\u021ba dintre ipotezele de proiectare \u0219i comportamentul observat \u0219i s\u0103 verifice func\u021bionalitatea artefactelor \u00een timp.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>Ipoteze de proiectare \u2194 Comportamente observate<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>\u00cen cadrul metodei observa\u021bionale, scopul monitoriz\u0103rii este de a confirma validitatea solu\u021biei de proiectare adoptate sau, \u00een caz contrar, de a identifica solu\u021bia cea mai potrivit\u0103 dintre celelalte solu\u021bii avute \u00een vedere \u00een cadrul proiectului.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Dac\u0103 este prev\u0103zut, programul de monitorizare trebuie definit \u0219i ilustrat \u00een <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\">raportul geotehnic<\/span>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Evolu\u021bia istoric\u0103 a modelului observa\u021bional<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">P\u0103rintele metodei observa\u021bionale este Terzaghi, care a scris \u00een 1945:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Mecanica P\u0103m\u00e2ntului, din c\u00e2te \u0219tim ast\u0103zi, ne ofer\u0103 o a treia metod\u0103 pe care o putem numi metoda observa\u021bional\u0103. Procedura care trebuie urmat\u0103 este urm\u0103toarea:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li><strong>Bazeaz\u0103-\u021bi proiectul pe orice informa\u021bie pe care o po\u021bi ob\u021bine.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Face\u021bi o list\u0103 preliminar\u0103 a posibilelor diferen\u021be \u00eentre realitate \u0219i ipotezele formulate.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Calcula\u021bi apoi, pe baza ipotezelor ini\u021biale, diverse cantit\u0103\u021bi care pot fi m\u0103surate la fa\u021ba locului.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00cen 1969, <strong>Peck<\/strong> a revizuit metoda observa\u021bional\u0103 \u0219i a propus:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li>explorare preliminar\u0103 suficient\u0103 pentru a stabili, cel pu\u021bin \u00een general, natura, stratigrafia \u0219i propriet\u0103\u021bile z\u0103c\u0103m\u00e2ntului, dar nu neap\u0103rat detaliat\u0103;<\/li>\n<li>definirea celor mai probabile condi\u021bii \u0219i a celor mai nefavorabile abateri imaginabile de la aceste condi\u021bii; geologia joac\u0103 adesea un rol important \u00een aceast\u0103 etap\u0103;<\/li>\n<li>dimensionarea \u0219i proiectarea lucr\u0103rilor pe baza unor ipoteze privind comportamentul solului \u00een cele mai probabile condi\u021bii;<\/li>\n<li>selectarea m\u0103rimilor care trebuie m\u0103surate, de importan\u021b\u0103 strategic\u0103, \u00een timpul construc\u021biei \u0219i calcularea valorii estimate a acestora \u00een func\u021bie de ipotezele formulate;<\/li>\n<li>calcularea valorilor acelora\u0219i cantit\u0103\u021bi \u00een condi\u021biile cele mai nefavorabile preconizate pe baza datelor de subsol disponibile;<\/li>\n<li>definirea prealabil\u0103 a interven\u021biilor \u0219i a modific\u0103rilor proiectului ini\u021bial pentru orice posibil\u0103 abatere semnificativ\u0103 a rezultatelor experimentale de la valorile a\u0219teptate \u00een urma calculelor;<\/li>\n<li>m\u0103surarea cantit\u0103\u021bilor alese \u0219i evaluarea timpurie, prin interpretarea acestora, a condi\u021biilor reale de pe \u0219antier \u00een timpul construc\u021biei;<\/li>\n<li>modificarea proiectului pentru a-l adapta la condi\u021biile reale.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Considera\u021biile lui Peck asupra metodei observa\u021bionale arat\u0103 cum criteriul probabilistic de cunoa\u0219tere a terenului \u0219i de evaluare a caracteristicilor fizice \u0219i mecanice ale acestuia apare \u00een timpul fazei preliminare de explorare.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00cen anii &#8217;60, s-a r\u0103sp\u00e2ndit <strong>Noua Metod\u0103 Austriac\u0103 (NATM<\/strong>; Rabcewicz, 1964, 1965) \u00een construc\u021bia de tuneluri, ceea ce a reprezentat o etap\u0103 important\u0103 \u00een dezvoltarea <strong>metodei observa\u021bionale.<\/strong> NATM a revolu\u021bionat filozofia excav\u0103rii \u0219i a sus\u021binerii tunelurilor, pe baza experien\u021bei dob\u00e2ndite \u00een construc\u021bia tunelurilor alpine austriece.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Printre principiile NATM introduse de Mueller (1978) (sunt 22 \u00een total, dintre care doar 7 \u00eel caracterizeaz\u0103 \u00een mod substan\u021bial \u00een compara\u021bie cu alte metode de construc\u021bie a tunelurilor), un rol important \u00eel joac\u0103 <strong>m\u0103surarea deforma\u021biei \u0219i a st\u0103rii de trac\u021biune \u00een jurul tunelului:<\/strong> scopul m\u0103sur\u0103torilor este de a ob\u021bine din experien\u021ba acumulat\u0103 \u00een construc\u021bia primelor sec\u021biuni ale tunelului informa\u021bii despre comportamentul masivului de roc\u0103 \u0219i, prin urmare, de a actualiza continuu dimensionarea structurilor de sus\u021binere.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00cen timpul dezvolt\u0103rii NATM, au fost perfec\u021bionate instrumente de m\u0103surare importante, care au devenit de uz comun.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9121&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Fig. 1 &#8211; Exemplu de echipament de m\u0103surare a unui tunel NATM<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>NATM a favorizat dezvoltarea metodei observa\u021bionale datorit\u0103 marelui interes acordat comportamentului masei de roc\u0103, care a devenit ea \u00eens\u0103\u0219i un element fundamental de sus\u021binere a golului creat, mobiliz\u00e2nd rezisten\u021ba rezidual\u0103. <\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Structurile flexibile de sus\u021binere prev\u0103zute de NATM aveau ca unic\u0103 sarcin\u0103 controlul \u00eenchiderii cablului \u0219i reglarea mobiliz\u0103rii rezisten\u021bei reziduale a masivului de roc\u0103.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00cen prezent, <strong>m\u0103sur\u0103torile \u00een timpul procesului<\/strong> sunt o rutin\u0103 \u00een planificarea fiec\u0103rui proiect, iar computerele moderne sunt capabile s\u0103 \u00eenregistreze (chiar \u0219i de la distan\u021b\u0103) \u0219i s\u0103 f a c i l i t e z e interpretarea \u00een timp util a m\u0103sur\u0103torilor de cantit\u0103\u021bi de toate tipurile.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>M\u0103sur\u0103torile la fa\u021ba locului trebuie s\u0103 fie planificate cu aten\u021bie \u00een prealabil<\/strong>, iar succesul acestora este legat de posibilitatea de a le interpreta corect prin intermediul modelului de calcul adoptat. Tocmai <strong>pe baza modelului de calcul<\/strong> presupus pentru simularea masei de roc\u0103 \u0219i a structurilor realizate trebuie definit\u0103 <strong>campania de m\u0103surare detaliat\u0103.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Scopul m\u0103surilor din timpul construc\u021biei este de a ob\u021bine factori de siguran\u021b\u0103 adecva\u021bi \u00een timpul \u0219i dup\u0103 construc\u021bie, la un cost minim (optimizarea proiectului).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Deci:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li><strong>controlul<\/strong> siguran\u021bei: \u00een cele mai multe cazuri, structurile subterane finalizate au grade de siguran\u021b\u0103 excesive; pe de alt\u0103 parte, \u00een timpul fazei de construc\u021bie, au existat dezastrele din trecut care eviden\u021biaz\u0103 importan\u021ba unei monitoriz\u0103ri continue a siguran\u021bei; m\u0103sur\u0103torile pot fi considerate, \u00een acest caz, ca un sistem de alarm\u0103 care face posibil\u0103 con\u0219tientizarea anticipat\u0103 a riscului \u0219i, prin urmare, preg\u0103tirea contram\u0103surilor adecvate; \u00een acest sens, \u00eenregistrarea m\u0103sur\u0103torilor \u00een timp, \u00een special a derivatei \u00een timp a m\u0103rimii m\u0103surate, este fundamental\u0103;<\/li>\n<li><strong>determinarea propriet\u0103\u021bilor materialului<\/strong> \u0219i, dac\u0103 este posibil, a st\u0103rii de tensiune neperturbat\u0103 (ob\u021binut\u0103 prin tehnici de analiz\u0103 retrospectiv\u0103);<\/li>\n<li><strong>determinarea caracteristicilor fizico-mecanice ale masei de roc\u0103<\/strong> \u00een aceast\u0103 etap\u0103 prezint\u0103 un interes deosebit, deoarece se refer\u0103 la problema \u00een m\u0103rime real\u0103, spre deosebire de testele preliminare, care, pe de alt\u0103 parte, se refer\u0103 la o por\u021biune limitat\u0103 din masa de roc\u0103;<\/li>\n<li><strong>verificarea validit\u0103\u021bii alegerii structurale<\/strong> \u00een raport cu metoda de construc\u021bie;<\/li>\n<li><strong>optimizarea caracteristicilor geometrice \u0219i mecanice ale structurii de sus\u021binere<\/strong> \u0219i a momentului opera\u021biunilor la fa\u021ba locului se realizeaz\u0103 pe baza m\u0103sur\u0103torilor efectuate la fa\u021ba locului; proiectul ini\u021bial este actualizat \u00een permanen\u021b\u0103 p\u00e2n\u0103 c\u00e2nd rezultatele experimentale sunt satisf\u0103c\u0103toare (at\u00e2t din punct de vedere al siguran\u021bei, c\u00e2t \u0219i din punct de vedere economic);<\/li>\n<li><strong>compararea<\/strong> predic\u021biilor teoretice cu comportamentul structural real;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Deoarece modelul de calcul dezvoltat nu poate simula perfect condi\u021biile reale, exist\u0103 \u00eentotdeauna o anumit\u0103 diferen\u021b\u0103 \u00eentre rezultatele calculelor \u0219i m\u0103sur\u0103torile efectuate; chiar \u0219i o analiz\u0103 parametric\u0103 precis\u0103 poate doar s\u0103 urm\u0103reasc\u0103 parametrii mecanici \u0219i fizici care fac ca diferen\u021ba dintre rezultatele calculelor \u0219i m\u0103sur\u0103torile efectuate s\u0103 fie minim\u0103.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><strong>REZULTATE DE CALCUL \u2260 M\u0102SUR\u0102TORI<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Atunci c\u00e2nd abaterea devine semnificativ\u0103, este necesar s\u0103 se reconsidere ipotezele f\u0103cute \u00een modelul de calcul, pe baza evalu\u0103rilor comportamentului masei de roc\u0103 constatat \u00een timpul construc\u021biei.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h3><strong>Exemplu de aplicare a metodei observa\u021bionale pentru o s\u0103p\u0103tur\u0103<\/strong><\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Metoda const\u0103 \u00een urm\u0103toarele puncte:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Explorarea pentru a construi <strong>modelul geologic \u0219i geotehnic<\/strong> al z\u0103c\u0103m\u00e2ntului;<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Identificarea celor mai probabile condi\u021bii \u0219i a celor mai nefavorabile abateri imaginabile de la condi\u021biile modelului;<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Dimensionarea \u0219i proiectarea lucr\u0103rilor pe baza ipotezelor privind comportamentul solului \u00een cele mai probabile condi\u021bii;<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Selectarea cantit\u0103\u021bilor care urmeaz\u0103 s\u0103 fie observate \u00een timpul construc\u021biei \u0219i calcularea valorii estimate a acestora \u00een func\u021bie de ipotezele formulate;<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Calcularea valorilor acelora\u0219i cantit\u0103\u021bi \u00een condi\u021biile cele mai nefavorabile preconizate pe baza datelor de subsol disponibile;<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">identificarea prealabil\u0103 a interven\u021biilor \u0219i a modific\u0103rilor proiectului ini\u021bial pentru orice posibil\u0103 abatere semnificativ\u0103 a rezultatelor experimentale de la valorile a\u0219teptate \u00een urma calculelor;<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">M\u0103surarea m\u0103rimilor alese \u0219i evaluarea \u00een timp util, prin interpretarea acestora, a condi\u021biilor reale de pe \u0219antier \u00een timpul perioadei de construc\u021bie (\u00een curs);<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Modificarea proiectului pentru a-l adapta la condi\u021biile reale.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9189&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Fig. 2 &#8211; Schema conceptual\u0103 metoda observa\u021bional\u0103<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]Pentru fiecare cantitate selectat\u0103 (<strong>punctul d<\/strong>), diferen\u021ba dintre valorile m\u0103surate \u00een timpul excava\u021biei \u0219i cele prev\u0103zute \u00een proiect trebuie s\u0103 se men\u021bin\u0103 \u00een <strong>limitele de aten\u021bie predefinite.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Dep\u0103\u0219irea acestor niveluri (<strong>praguri<\/strong>) identific\u0103 interven\u021biile prev\u0103zute la <strong>litera (f)<\/strong>, care sunt clasificate sub termenul de &#8222;<strong>contram\u0103suri<\/strong>&#8221; dac\u0103 au ca efect \u00eendep\u0103rtarea activit\u0103\u021bii de condi\u021biile evaluate ca fiind periculoase (<strong>condi\u021bii periculoase de linie<\/strong>) sau, \u00een schimb, pot fi definite ca &#8222;<strong>ra\u021bionaliz\u0103r<\/strong>i&#8221; dac\u0103 permit solu\u021bii de proiectare mai pu\u021bin oneroase, ca urmare a unui comportament observat care este mai pu\u021bin oneros dec\u00e2t cel prev\u0103zut.[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">Raportul geotehnic \u0219i metoda observa\u021bional\u0103<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">A\u0219a cum este descris \u0219i \u00een Eurocod 7 (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ngm2016.com\/uploads\/2\/1\/7\/9\/21790806\/eurocode_7_-_geotechnical_designen.1997.1.2004.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proiectare geotehnic\u0103 &#8211; Partea 1: Reguli generale UNI . UNI ENV 1997-1<\/a>), <strong>raportul geotehnic trebuie s\u0103 includ\u0103 un plan de supraveghere \u0219i control<\/strong>. Raportul trebuie s\u0103 identifice \u00een mod clar p\u0103r\u021bile lucr\u0103rii care necesit\u0103 inspec\u021bie \u00een timpul construc\u021biei sau \u00eentre\u021binere dup\u0103 finalizare. Dac\u0103 verific\u0103rile necesare au fost efectuate \u00een cursul lucr\u0103rilor, acestea trebuie s\u0103 <strong>fie raportate \u00eentr-un raport suplimentar.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00cen ceea ce prive\u0219te supravegherea \u0219i controalele, <strong>raportul geotehnic trebuie s\u0103 indice<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li><strong>Subiectul fiec\u0103rui set de observa\u021bii sau m\u0103sur\u0103tori;<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>P\u0103r\u021bile structurii care urmeaz\u0103 s\u0103 fie verificate \u0219i locurile \u00een care trebuie efectuate observa\u021biile;<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Frecven\u021ba cu care trebuie efectuate m\u0103sur\u0103torile;<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Modul \u00een care trebuie evaluate rezultatele;<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Intervalul de valori \u00een care trebuie luate \u00een considerare rezultatele;<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Perioada de timp \u00een care controalele trebuie s\u0103 continue dup\u0103 finalizarea lucr\u0103rilor;<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Persoanele responsabile de efectuarea m\u0103sur\u0103torilor \u0219i a observa\u021biilor, de interpretarea rezultatelor \u0219i de verificarea \u0219i \u00eentre\u021binerea instrumentelor.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Supravegherea procesului de construc\u021bie \u0219i a calit\u0103\u021bii construc\u021biei, precum \u0219i controlul comportamentului structurii \u00een timpul \u0219i dup\u0103 construc\u021bie trebuie s\u0103 se realizeze \u00een conformitate cu <strong>specifica\u021biile stabilite \u00een raportul geotehnic.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Planul de supraveghere cuprins \u00een raportul geotehnic trebuie s\u0103 identifice limitele acceptabile pentru rezultatele care vor fi ob\u021binute \u00een timpul supravegherii.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Este necesar ca planul de supraveghere s\u0103 indice tipul, calitatea \u0219i <strong>frecven\u021ba activit\u0103\u021bilor de supraveghere<\/strong>, care la r\u00e2ndul lor sunt legate de:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>gradul de incertitudine al ipotezelor de proiectare;<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>complexitatea condi\u021biilor de sol \u0219i de sarcin\u0103;<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>riscul poten\u021bial de rupere \u00een timpul construc\u021biei;<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>posibilitatea de a introduce modific\u0103ri \u00een proiect sau de a face corec\u021bii pe parcursul derul\u0103rii proiectului<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_single_image image=&#8221;9193&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; add_caption=&#8221;yes&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\">Fig. 3 &#8211; Organigrama opera\u021bional\u0103 pentru programarea unui plan de m\u0103suri<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h3>Aplicarea metodei observa\u021bionale pe scurt<\/h3>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha\">\n<li>Justificarea utiliz\u0103rii: <strong>incertitudini care pot fi rezolvate numai \u00een timpul fazei de implementare.<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Modalit\u0103\u021bi:\n<ol>\n<li>Trebuie <strong>identificate<\/strong> unele <strong>cantit\u0103\u021bi semnificative<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>Defini\u021bi <strong>limitele de acceptabilitate <\/strong>ale acestor cantit\u0103\u021bi<\/li>\n<li><strong>Acceptabilitatea solu\u021biei preconizate<\/strong> \u00een raport cu limitele de la punctul 2<\/li>\n<li><strong>Monitorizare<\/strong> continu\u0103<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">Care sunt avantajele metodei observa\u021bionale?<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00cen concluzie, \u00een plus fa\u021b\u0103 de cele deja discutate, avantajele metodei sunt:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>optimizarea utiliz\u0103rii resurselor naturale<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>o mai bun\u0103 \u00een\u021belegere a interac\u021biunii sol-structur\u0103 (de exemplu, din cauza impactului unui cutremur, a sarcinilor produse de v\u00e2nt etc.)<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>utilizarea eficient\u0103 a spa\u021biilor subterane<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>\u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birea s\u0103n\u0103t\u0103\u021bii \u0219i a siguran\u021bei<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>reducerea riscurilor de mediu naturale \u0219i antropice<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>cuno\u0219tin\u021be bazate pe construc\u021bii de \u00eenalt\u0103 tehnologie<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>o bun\u0103 reputa\u021bie \u00een domeniul geologiei \u0219i geotehnicii<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>Preluat din prelegerea de la cursul de masterat de nivel 2 \u00een geologie inginereasc\u0103 de la Centrul de Geotehnologie al Universit\u0103\u021bii din Siena: &#8222;Metoda observa\u021bional\u0103&#8221; de Prof. Eros Aiello.<\/strong><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row bg_type=&#8221;bg_color&#8221; bg_color_value=&#8221;#f7f7f7&#8243;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;]<style type=\"text\/css\" data-type=\"the7_shortcodes-inline-css\">.gallery-carousel-shortcode.gallery-carousel-shortcode-id-68e59d21bdaf81b38ba35f2a8ed8754a.owl-carousel .owl-nav div {\n  width: 36px;\n  height: 36px;\n  border-radius: 500px;\n}\n.dt-arrow-border-on.gallery-carousel-shortcode.gallery-carousel-shortcode-id-68e59d21bdaf81b38ba35f2a8ed8754a.owl-carousel .owl-nav div:not(:hover):before {\n  border-width: 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background: linear-gradient();\n}\n.gallery-carousel-shortcode.gallery-carousel-shortcode-id-68e59d21bdaf81b38ba35f2a8ed8754a.gallery-shortcode .gallery-zoom-ico {\n  width: 44px;\n  height: 44px;\n  line-height: 44px;\n  border-radius: 100px;\n  margin: -22px 0 0 -22px;\n  border-width: 0px;\n}\n.dt-icon-bg-on.gallery-carousel-shortcode.gallery-carousel-shortcode-id-68e59d21bdaf81b38ba35f2a8ed8754a.gallery-shortcode .gallery-zoom-ico {\n  background: rgba(255,255,255,0.3);\n  box-shadow: none;\n}\n.gallery-carousel-shortcode.gallery-carousel-shortcode-id-68e59d21bdaf81b38ba35f2a8ed8754a.gallery-shortcode .gallery-zoom-ico:before,\n.gallery-carousel-shortcode.gallery-carousel-shortcode-id-68e59d21bdaf81b38ba35f2a8ed8754a.gallery-shortcode .gallery-zoom-ico span {\n  font-size: 32px;\n  line-height: 44px;\n  color: #ffffff;\n  background: none;\n}<\/style><div class=\"owl-carousel gallery-carousel-shortcode gallery-shortcode  dt-gallery-container dt-owl-carousel-call gallery-carousel-shortcode-id-68e59d21bdaf81b38ba35f2a8ed8754a quick-scale-img enable-bg-rollover meta-info-off dt-arrow-border-on dt-arrow-hover-border-on bullets-small-dot-stroke reposition-arrows dt-icon-bg-off arrows-bg-on disable-arrows-hover-bg arrows-hover-bg-on  hover-fade \" data-scroll-mode=\"1\" data-col-num=\"1\" data-wide-col-num=\"1\" data-laptop-col=\"1\" data-h-tablet-columns-num=\"1\" data-v-tablet-columns-num=\"1\" data-phone-columns-num=\"1\" data-col-gap=\"10\" data-stage-padding=\"0\" data-speed=\"600\" data-autoplay=\"false\" data-autoplay_speed=\"6000\" data-arrows=\"true\" data-bullet=\"false\" data-next-icon=\"icon-ar-017-r\" data-prev-icon=\"icon-ar-017-l\" data-img-shadow-size=\"12px\" data-img-shadow-spread=\"3px\"><div data-post-id=\"4670\" data-date=\"2021-06-01T12:52:55+00:00\" data-name=\"screen-git2\"><figure class=\"post\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/06\/screen-git2.png\" class=\"rollover dt-pswp-item layzr-bg\" data-large_image_width=\"1365\" data-large_image_height=\"730\" data-dt-img-description=\"\" title=\"screen-git2\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"preload-me owl-lazy-load aspect\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D&#39;http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg&#39;%20viewBox%3D&#39;0%200%201365%20730&#39;%2F%3E\" data-src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/06\/screen-git2.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/06\/screen-git2.png 1365w\" loading=\"eager\" style=\"--ratio: 1365 \/ 730\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1365px) 100vw, 1365px\" alt=\"git \" width=\"1365\" height=\"730\"  \/><span class=\"gallery-rollover\"><span class=\"gallery-zoom-ico icomoon-the7-font-the7-zoom-06\"><span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/figure><\/div><div data-post-id=\"4666\" data-date=\"2021-06-01T12:52:53+00:00\" data-name=\"screen-git\"><figure class=\"post\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/06\/screen-git.png\" class=\"rollover dt-pswp-item layzr-bg\" data-large_image_width=\"1366\" data-large_image_height=\"729\" data-dt-img-description=\"\" title=\"screen-git\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"preload-me owl-lazy-load aspect\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D&#39;http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg&#39;%20viewBox%3D&#39;0%200%201366%20729&#39;%2F%3E\" data-src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/06\/screen-git.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/06\/screen-git.png 1366w\" loading=\"eager\" style=\"--ratio: 1366 \/ 729\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1366px) 100vw, 1366px\" alt=\"git 2\" width=\"1366\" height=\"729\"  \/><span class=\"gallery-rollover\"><span class=\"gallery-zoom-ico icomoon-the7-font-the7-zoom-06\"><span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/figure><\/div><div data-post-id=\"4662\" data-date=\"2021-06-01T12:52:50+00:00\" data-name=\"screen-git3\"><figure class=\"post\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/06\/screen-git3.png\" class=\"rollover dt-pswp-item layzr-bg\" data-large_image_width=\"1365\" data-large_image_height=\"727\" data-dt-img-description=\"\" title=\"screen-git3\"><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"preload-me owl-lazy-load aspect\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D&#39;http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg&#39;%20viewBox%3D&#39;0%200%201365%20727&#39;%2F%3E\" data-src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/06\/screen-git3.png\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2021\/06\/screen-git3.png 1365w\" loading=\"eager\" style=\"--ratio: 1365 \/ 727\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1365px) 100vw, 1365px\" alt=\"git 3\" width=\"1365\" height=\"727\"  \/><span class=\"gallery-rollover\"><span class=\"gallery-zoom-ico icomoon-the7-font-the7-zoom-06\"><span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_column_text]<a href=\"https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/shop\/software-ro\/software-geologia-ro-2\/ground-investigation-testing-git\/?lang=ro\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><strong>Ground Investigation Testing \u2013 GIT<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">GIT este software-ul care v\u0103 permite s\u0103 calcula\u021bi estimarea volumului geotehnic semnificativ \u00een conformitate cu: Lancellotta \u0219i Calavera, Eurocod 7.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;]<a href=\"https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/shop\/software-ro\/software-geologia-ro-2\/ground-investigation-testing-git\/?lang=ro\" class=\"btn-shortcode dt-btn-m dt-btn default-btn-color default-btn-hover-color default-btn-bg-color default-btn-bg-hover-color\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"dt-btn-1\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Mai multe informa\u021bii<\/span><\/a>[\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;]<a href=\"https:\/\/help.geostru.eu\/git\/ro\" class=\"btn-shortcode dt-btn-m dt-btn default-btn-color default-btn-hover-color default-btn-bg-color default-btn-bg-hover-color\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"dt-btn-2\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Manual utilizator<\/span><\/a>[\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text] \u00cen conformitate cu Eurocod 7 Partea 1, atunci c\u00e2nd predic\u021bia comportamentului geotehnic este dificil\u0103, poate fi oportun\u0103 aplicarea abord\u0103rii cunoscute sub numele de &#8222;metoda observa\u021bional\u0103&#8222;, \u00een care proiectul este revizuit \u00een timpul construc\u021biei. Aceast\u0103 metod\u0103 se aplic\u0103 prin urm\u0103toarea procedur\u0103: trebuie stabilite limitele de acceptabilitate a valorilor anumitor m\u0103rimi reprezentative pentru comportamentul complexului structur\u0103-sol;&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16658,"featured_media":9089,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1595,1969,1596,1443,821,824],"tags":[2111,2108,1622,2073,2112,2113],"class_list":["post-9172","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-geologie","category-geotehnica-ro","category-ingegneria-2-ro","category-articoli-geotecnica-ro","category-ingegneria-ro","category-santiere","tag-eurocod","tag-geotecnia-2-ro","tag-geotehnica","tag-inginerie","tag-metoda-observationala","tag-monitorizare","category-1595","category-1969","category-1596","category-1443","category-821","category-824","description-off"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.0 (Yoast SEO v25.0) - 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