{"id":1888,"date":"2020-08-20T19:40:29","date_gmt":"2020-08-20T19:40:29","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/?p=1888"},"modified":"2020-08-26T07:54:41","modified_gmt":"2020-08-26T07:54:41","slug":"eurocoduri-proiectarea-geotehnica","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/ro\/eurocoduri-proiectarea-geotehnica\/","title":{"rendered":"Eurocoduri: Proiectarea geotehnic\u0103"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Eurocodurile sunt un set de standarde europene (EN), referitoare la proiectarea \u00een domeniul construc\u021biilor civile \u0219i a produselor de construc\u021bie prefabricate. Ele reprezint\u0103 referin\u021ba general\u0103 a standardelor na\u021bionale \u00een vigoare \u0219i permit profesionistului s\u0103 poat\u0103 proiecta \u0219i \u00een str\u0103in\u0103tate, prin criterii comune de calcul.<\/p>\n<h3>Istoria Eurocodurilor<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00cen 1975, Comisia European\u0103 a decis s\u0103 creeze un set de norme \u00a0pentru proiectarea lucr\u0103rilor civile. Ulterior, \u00een 1990, au fost publicate primele schi\u021be ale Eurocodurilor (cu abrevierea ENV din partea german\u0103 Europ\u00e4ische Norm Vor\u00fcbergehend sau Europ\u00e4ische VorNorm care indic\u0103 versiunea provizorie). Ulterior, odat\u0103 cu atribuirea c\u0103tre CEN (Comitetul European de Normalizare), acestea ajung la statutul de Standarde Europene (de aici ini\u021bialele EN) \u00een versiunea definitiv\u0103.<\/p>\n<h3>Numerotarea Eurocodurilor<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Numerotarea, \u00een general, se bazeaz\u0103 pe ultima cifr\u0103 care indic\u0103 standardul: astfel EN 199X devine Eurocodul X, cu excep\u021bia EN 1990.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1890 aligncenter\" title=\"schema eurocodici geostru\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/08\/schema_rumeno-300x203.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"676\" height=\"457\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/08\/schema_rumeno-300x203.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/08\/schema_rumeno.png 707w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 676px) 100vw, 676px\" \/><em>Figura 1 &#8211; Schema de tip Eurocod<\/em><\/p>\n<h3>Eurocod 7 \u2013 EC7<\/h3>\n<h4>Proiectarea st\u0103rii limit\u0103:<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Serviciu sau exerci\u021biu (SLS):<\/strong> verificarea st\u0103rilor limit\u0103 de exerci\u021biu pe teren sau \u00eentr-o structur\u0103\/lucrare necesit\u0103 ca:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>E<sub>d<\/sub> \u2264 C<sub>d<\/sub><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Unde Ed este valoarea de proiectare a efectului de ac\u021biune (tasarea calculat\u0103 de noi), iar C<sub>d<\/sub> este valoarea limit\u0103 prescris\u0103 a efectului ac\u021biunilor.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Stat limit\u0103 ultim (ULS):<\/strong> Cu coeficien\u021bi de siguran\u021b\u0103 par\u021biali (asupra ac\u021biunilor, efectelor ac\u021biunilor, caracteristici de rezisten\u021b\u0103 \u0219i rezisten\u021b\u0103 global\u0103).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Exemplu: Verific\u0103ri ULS ale funda\u021biei<\/strong><\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">1. Se determin\u0103 \u201ddesc\u0103rc\u0103rile\u201d de proiect la funda\u021bie;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1208 aligncenter\" title=\"fondazioni eurocodice\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Immagine1-4.png\" alt=\"geostru eurocodici esempio 1\" width=\"322\" height=\"255\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;text-align: justify\">2. Caracterizarea geotehnic\u0103 a subsolului cu determinarea parametrilor caracteristici (c&#8217;k, \u03a6&#8217;k);<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1212 aligncenter\" title=\"caratterizzazione geotecnica suolo eurocodice\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Immagine2-1-300x86.png\" alt=\"geostru eurocodici esempio 2\" width=\"537\" height=\"154\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Immagine2-1-300x86.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Immagine2-1-768x220.png 768w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Immagine2-1.png 794w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 537px) 100vw, 537px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;text-align: justify\">3. Determinarea parametrilor de proiectare (de exemplu c\u2019d = c\u2019k\/Yc);<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;text-align: justify\">4. Determinarea sarcinii limit\u0103 de proiectare, R<sub>d<\/sub>;<\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1216 aligncenter\" title=\"carico limite eurocodice\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Immagine3-1.png\" alt=\"eurocodici esempio 3\" width=\"307\" height=\"265\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;text-align: justify\"><span style=\"font-size: 11pt\">5. Verificare: E<sub>d<\/sub> \u2264 R<sub>d<\/sub><\/span><\/p>\n<h4 style=\"text-align: justify\">Stat limit\u0103 ultim (ULS \u2013 Ultimate Limit States)<\/h4>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Pentru fiecare ULS trebuie verificat dac\u0103 efectul ac\u021biunilor proiectului (E<sub>d<\/sub>) nu este mai mare dec\u00e2t rezisten\u021ba proiectului (R<sub>d<\/sub>):<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-766\" title=\"stato limite ultimo eurocodice\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-8_4-300x95.jpg\" alt=\"stato lmite ultimo eurocodice\" width=\"406\" height=\"128\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-8_4-300x95.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-8_4-768x242.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-8_4.jpg 958w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 406px) 100vw, 406px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-779\" title=\"tabella eurocodice\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-8_7-300x105.jpg\" alt=\"tabella eurocodice\" width=\"734\" height=\"257\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-8_7-300x105.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-8_7.jpg 683w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 734px) 100vw, 734px\" \/><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-783\" title=\"tabella eurocodici 2\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-8_8-300x89.jpg\" alt=\"tabella eurocodici 2\" width=\"721\" height=\"214\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-8_8-300x89.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-8_8-768x227.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-8_8.jpg 797w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 721px) 100vw, 721px\" \/><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-787\" title=\"tabella eurocodici 3\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-9-300x131.jpg\" alt=\"tabella eurocodici 3\" width=\"751\" height=\"328\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-9-300x131.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-9-768x334.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-9.jpg 891w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\" \/><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-791\" title=\"tabella eurocodici 4\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-10-300x157.jpg\" alt=\"tabella eurocodici 4\" width=\"714\" height=\"374\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-10-300x157.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-10-768x401.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-10.jpg 810w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 714px) 100vw, 714px\" \/><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-795\" title=\"tabella eurocodici 5\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-12-300x174.jpg\" alt=\"tabella eurocodici 5\" width=\"666\" height=\"386\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-12-300x174.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-12-768x444.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-12.jpg 790w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 666px) 100vw, 666px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Desigur, nu trebuie dep\u0103\u0219ite urm\u0103toarele st\u0103ri limit\u0103:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li><strong>EQU:<\/strong> Pierderea echilibrului general al structurii sau al p\u0103m\u00e2ntului, considerat ca un corp rigid, \u00een care rezisten\u021bele componentelor structurale \u0219i ale terenului nu sunt relevante pentru a oferi rezisten\u021b\u0103;<\/li>\n<li><strong>STR:<\/strong> Ruptur\u0103 intern\u0103 sau deformare excesiv\u0103 a elementelor structurale sau a structurii, inclusiv a funda\u021biilor, st\u00e2lpilor\/grinzilor, unde rezisten\u021ba componentelor structurale este semnificativ\u0103 \u00een asigurarea rezisten\u021bei.<\/li>\n<li><strong>GEO:<\/strong> Ruptura sau deformarea excesiva a terenului, daca rezistenta solului sau rocii este semnificativa \u00een asigurarea rezisten\u021bei;<\/li>\n<li><strong>UPL:<\/strong> Pierderea echilibrului structurii sau a terenului datorit\u0103 ridic\u0103rii din cauza subpresiunii hidraulice sau flotabilit\u0103\u021bii;<\/li>\n<li><strong>HYD:<\/strong> Pr\u0103bu\u0219irea solului cauzat\u0103 de sifonare sau eroziune intern\u0103 (gradien\u021bi hidraulici excesivi).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">Cele trei abord\u0103ri ale proiect\u0103rii (Design Approach)<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">C\u00e2nd au \u00eenceput lucr\u0103rile la elaborarea Eurocod 7, Eurocodurile anterioare s-au bazat pe proiectarea\u00a0 statelor limit\u0103 finale cu utilizarea coeficien\u021bilor par\u021biali.\u00a0\u00cen etapa de proiectare geotehnic\u0103, exper\u021bii au decis s\u0103 continue aceast\u0103 abordare inovatoare.\u00a0De fapt, p\u00e2n\u0103 la acea dat\u0103, \u00een domeniul geotehnic nu a existat nicio experien\u021b\u0103 \u00een aproape toate \u021b\u0103rile implicate: Proiectarea era bazat\u0103 pe metoda tensiunilor admisibile cu utilizarea factorilor de siguran\u021b\u0103 globali (Overall Factor of Safety, OFS\u2019s).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Dificultatile \u00eent\u00e2mpinate \u00een aplicarea coeficien\u021bilor par\u021biali au fost:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li>Condi\u021biile geologice variaz\u0103 de la o zon\u0103 a Europei la alta, ceea ce a dus inevitabil la proceduri diferite de testare in situ;<\/li>\n<li>Greutatea proprie a terenului, \u00een proiectarea geotehnic\u0103, este un factor principal \u0219i este dificil s\u0103 se stabileasc\u0103 cu exactitate dac\u0103 este o ac\u021biune favorabil\u0103 sau nefavorabil\u0103.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><em>Coeficien\u021bi par\u021biali ai parametrilor solului sau a ac\u021biunilor \u0219i rezisten\u021belor ? Se reduc c\u2019, \u0278\u2019, c<sub>u<\/sub>? Ac\u021biunile sunt crescute, se reduc \u00eempingerea activ\u0103, \u00eempingerea pasiv\u0103 \u0219i sarcina limit\u0103?<\/em> <strong>Idei diferite \u00eentre filozofiile de proiectare.<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Odat\u0103 cu redactarea Eurocodului 7 provizoriu (ENV), a fost introdus conceptul de abordare de proiectare (<strong>Design Approach<\/strong>), prin introducerea a dou\u0103 combina\u021bii de calcule de proiectare la starea limit\u0103 final\u0103: <strong>Combina\u021bia 1 \u0219i combina\u021bia 2<\/strong>. Dar, dupa diverse discutii, versiunea EN a Eurocod 7 &#8211; partea I a inclus, dupa cum s-a mentionat mai sus, cele 3 de abordari de proiectare:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li><strong>Abordarea 1 de proiectare (Design Approach 1 -DA1):<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Combina\u021bia 1 (DA1-C1):<\/strong> cu coeficien\u021bi par\u021biali numai pe ac\u021biunile <strong>A1 \u201e+\u201d M1 \u201e+\u201d R1<\/strong>;<\/li>\n<li><strong>Combina\u021bia 2 (DA1-C2):<\/strong> con coefficienti parziali essenzialmente su caratteristiche di resistenza <strong>A2 \u201c+\u201d M2 \u201c+\u201d R1<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li>Pentru proiectarea pilelor \u0219i ancorajelor \u00eenc\u0103rcate axial, este necesar s\u0103 verifica\u021bi dac\u0103 nu exist\u0103 o stare limit\u0103 de a rupturii sau a deform\u0103rii excesive cu una dintre urm\u0103toarele combina\u021bii de factori par\u021biali:\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: disc\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Combina\u021bia 1:\u00a0A1 \u201c+\u201d M1 \u201c+\u201d R1;<\/strong><\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Combina\u021bia 2:\u00a0A2 \u201c+\u201d (M1 or M2) \u201c+\u201d R4.<\/strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-753\" title=\"design approach 1\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-8-300x181.jpg\" alt=\"design approach 1\" width=\"390\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-8-300x181.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-8-768x463.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-8.jpg 837w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 390px) 100vw, 390px\" \/><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Abordarea 2 de proiectare (Design Approach 2 \u2013 DA2):<\/strong>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Combina\u021bie:<\/strong> Coeficien\u021bi par\u021biai direct asupra efectelor ac\u021biunilor (sau asupra ac\u021biunilor unice) \u0219i asupra rezisten\u021belor <strong>A1 &#8222;+&#8221; M1 &#8222;+&#8221; R2<\/strong>:<strong><br \/>\n<\/strong><strong><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-758\" title=\"design approach 2\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-8_2-300x68.jpg\" alt=\"design approach 2\" width=\"432\" height=\"98\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-8_2-300x68.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-8_2-768x173.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-8_2.jpg 797w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 432px) 100vw, 432px\" \/><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><strong>Abordarea 3 de proiectare (Design Approach 3 \u2013 DA3):<\/strong>\n<ul style=\"list-style-type: circle\">\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Combina\u021bie:<\/strong> complex format din DA1-C1 (pentru ac\u021biuni structurale) \u0219i DA1-C2 (pentru ac\u021biuni geotehnice) (<strong>A1 * sau A2) &#8222;+&#8221; M2 &#8222;+&#8221; R3<\/strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-762\" title=\"design approach 3\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-8_3-300x85.jpg\" alt=\"design approach 3\" width=\"403\" height=\"114\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-8_3-300x85.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-8_3-768x218.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-8_3.jpg 804w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\" \/><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">Eurocod 8 \u2013 EC 8<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Eurocodul 8, Proiectarea structurilor pentru rezisten\u021b\u0103 seismic\u0103, se ocup\u0103 de proiectarea \u0219i construc\u021bia \u00een zone seismice (excluz\u00e2nd centralele nucleare, structurile din larg \u0219i barajele mari). Se \u00eemparte \u00een 6 p\u0103r\u021bi:<\/p>\n<table style=\"border-collapse: collapse;width: 100%;height: 132px\">\n<tbody>\n<tr style=\"height: 22px\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 22px\">EN 1998-1<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 22px\">Reguli generale, ac\u021biuni seismice, reguli de construc\u021bie<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 22px\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 22px\">EN 1998-2<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 22px\">Poduri<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 22px\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 22px\">EN 1998-3<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 22px\">Evaluarea \u0219i reglarea cl\u0103dirilor<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 22px\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 22px\">EN 1998-4<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 22px\">Silozuri, rezervoare \u0219i conducte<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 22px\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 22px\">EN 1998-5<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 22px\">Funda\u021bii, structuri de izolare, aspecte geotehnice<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr style=\"height: 22px\">\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 22px\">EN 1998-6<\/td>\n<td style=\"width: 50%;height: 22px\">Turnuri, st\u00e2lpi, co\u0219uri de fum<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">Efectul \u201elocal\u201d<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Capitolul 3 introduce clase de subsol cu \u200b\u200bo rigiditate diferit\u0103, \u00een func\u021bie de propriet\u0103\u021bile terenului. De fapt, fiecare tip de teren are propriile sale caracteristici care influen\u021beaz\u0103 vibra\u021biile cutremurului. Prin urmare, cunoa\u0219terea tipului de teren este esen\u021bial\u0103 pentru proiectare \u0219i modul \u00een care vibra\u021biile ar putea evolua. \u00cen acest sens, \u00een EN 1998-1 sunt necesare realizarea investiga\u021biilor (\u00een situ sau \u00een laborator) pentru identificarea condi\u021biilor solului: \u00een EN 1998-5 este prezentat ghidul pentru astfel de investiga\u021bii.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Principalele obiective ale investiga\u021biilor sunt:<\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify\">\n<li>S\u0103 permit\u0103 clasificarea profilului stratigrafic al terenului, pentru a selecta forma spectral\u0103 relevant\u0103, dintre diversele posibilit\u0103\u021bi;<\/li>\n<li>Identificarea comportamentului terenului care d\u0103uneaz\u0103 structurii.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Pentru primul punct, EN 1998-1 ofer\u0103 cinci profiluri de teren: A, B, C. D \u0219i E:<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1220 aligncenter\" title=\"profili terreno eurocodice 8\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-13-3-295x300.png\" alt=\"geostru Eurocodici-EC7--13\" width=\"570\" height=\"579\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-13-3-295x300.png 295w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-13-3.png 486w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 570px) 100vw, 570px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00cen tabelele 3.2 \u0219i 3.3 (figura 3 \u0219i, respectiv, figura 4) din capitolul EN 1998-1 se raporteaz\u0103 valorile parametrului S al diferitelor tipuri de sol (A, B, C, D, E) \u0219i valorile relative ale perioadelor de revenire unghiular\u0103 TB, TC \u0219i TD. Acestea sunt \u00eemp\u0103r\u021bite \u00een tipurile 1 \u0219i 2, dac\u0103 caracterizarea geologic\u0103 a sitului nu este inclus\u0103 \u00een anexele na\u021bionale: Dac\u0103 cutremurele care caracterizeaz\u0103 situl au o magnitudine statistic\u0103 a undei de suprafa\u021b\u0103 mai mic\u0103 de 5,5, se recomand\u0103 adoptarea spectrului de tip 2. Factorul S descrie forma spectrului r\u0103spunsului elastic, de fapt este \u00eenmul\u021bit cu accelera\u021bia proiectat\u0103 a terenului (ag), rezultat\u0103 din harta zon\u0103rii. Astfel, condi\u021biile solului condi\u021bioneaz\u0103 valorile perioadelor de revenire unghiular\u0103 TB, TC (func\u021bia S &#8211; Figura 5) \u0219i forma spectral\u0103 corespunz\u0103toare (Fig. 6-7):<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1224 aligncenter\" style=\"text-align: start\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/valori_tc-1-300x97.png\" alt=\"geostru valori_tc\" width=\"641\" height=\"207\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/valori_tc-1-300x97.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/valori_tc-1.png 680w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 641px) 100vw, 641px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Figura 3 &#8211; Valori ale factorului S pentru fiecare tip de sol &#8211; Tipul 1<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1228 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/valori_tc_2-1-300x98.png\" alt=\"geostru valori_tc_2\" width=\"536\" height=\"175\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/valori_tc_2-1-300x98.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/valori_tc_2-1.png 671w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 536px) 100vw, 536px\" \/>Figura 4 &#8211; Valori ale factorului S pentru fiecare tip de sol &#8211; Tipul 2<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1232 \" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/formule_tc-1-300x220.png\" alt=\"geostru formule_tc\" width=\"403\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/formule_tc-1-300x220.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/formule_tc-1.png 374w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Figura 5 &#8211; Rela\u021biile dintre S \u0219i Tc<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1236 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/spettro_tipo1-1-300x180.png\" alt=\"geostru spettro_tipo1\" width=\"568\" height=\"341\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/spettro_tipo1-1-300x180.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/spettro_tipo1-1.png 674w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 568px) 100vw, 568px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Figura 6 &#8211; Spectrul de r\u0103spuns elastic pentru tipurile de sol &#8211; Tip 1<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1240 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/spettro_tipo2-1-300x188.png\" alt=\"geostru spettro_tipo2\" width=\"549\" height=\"344\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/spettro_tipo2-1-300x188.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/spettro_tipo2-1.png 664w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 549px) 100vw, 549px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Figura 7 &#8211; Spectrul de r\u0103spuns elastic pentru tipurile de sol &#8211; Tip 2<\/em><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">Analiza pseudostatic\u0103 &#8211; ac\u021biune seismic\u0103<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00cen analiza pseudostatic\u0103, ac\u021biunea seismic\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 fie reprezentat\u0103 de un set de for\u021be statice orizontale \u0219i verticale care sunt date de produsul for\u021belor gravita\u021bionale pentru un coeficient seismic.<br \/>\nComponenta vertical\u0103 a ac\u021biunii seismice trebuie s\u0103 ac\u021bioneze \u00een sus sau \u00een jos pentru a produce cele mai nefavorabile efecte.\u00a0\u00cen absen\u021ba unor studii specifice, coeficien\u021bii seismici orizontali (k<sub>h<\/sub>) \u0219i verticali (k<sub>v<\/sub>) care afecteaz\u0103 toate masele se calculeaz\u0103 dup\u0103 cum urmeaz\u0103:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1244 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/coeff_r-1-300x124.png\" alt=\"geostru coeff_r\" width=\"387\" height=\"160\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/coeff_r-1-300x124.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/coeff_r-1.png 500w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 387px) 100vw, 387px\" \/><em>Figura 8 &#8211; Rela\u021biile coeficien\u021bilor seismici kh \u0219i kv \u0219i factorul r<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Unde un element original \u0219i, cu siguran\u021b\u0103, ra\u021bional al EC8 este adoptarea coeficientului <strong>r <\/strong>care \u021bine cont de eventualele deplas\u0103ri admise pentru lucrare:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1248 aligncenter\" title=\"coefficiente r ec8\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-20-246x300.jpg\" alt=\"Geostru Eurocodici EC7 -20\" width=\"414\" height=\"505\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-20-246x300.jpg 246w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-20.jpg 396w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 414px) 100vw, 414px\" \/><em>Figura 9 &#8211; Varia\u021bia coeficientului r<\/em><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Ac\u021biunea seismic\u0103 este redus\u0103 \u00een func\u021bie de posibilitatea ca lucrarea poate suferi deplas\u0103ri<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<h3>Proiectarea \u00eempingerii terenului \u0219i a apei<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Metode generale<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Orice metod\u0103 bine stabilit\u0103, bazat\u0103 pe dinamica solului \u0219i a structurii \u0219i sus\u021binut\u0103 de experien\u021b\u0103 \u0219i observa\u021bii experimentale, este considerat\u0103, \u00een principiu, adecvat\u0103 pentru evaluarea siguran\u021bei unei lucr\u0103ri de sprijin.<br \/>\nAr trebui s\u0103 se \u021bin\u0103 seama \u00een mod corespunz\u0103tor de urm\u0103toarele aspecte:<\/p>\n<ol style=\"list-style-type: lower-alpha\">\n<li>comportamentul general neliniar al terenului \u00een timpul interac\u021biunii dinamice cu lucrarea de sprijin;<\/li>\n<li>efectele iner\u021biale asociate cu masa terenului \u0219i cu structura \u0219i cu toate celelalte sarcini gravita\u021bionale care pot participa la procesul de interac\u021biune;<\/li>\n<li>efectele hidrodinamice generate de prezen\u021ba apei \u00een terasament \u0219i \/ sau de prezen\u021ba apei pe partea extern\u0103 a peretelui;<\/li>\n<li>compatibilitatea dintre deforma\u021biile p\u0103m\u00e2ntului, ale peretelui \u0219i ale tiran\u021bilor, dac\u0103 exist\u0103<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><strong>Metode simplificate: analiza pseudo-static\u0103<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Modelul de baz\u0103 pentru analiza pseudo-static\u0103 trebuie s\u0103 fie constituit din lucrarea de sus\u021binere \u0219i funda\u021bia acesteia, printr-o pan\u0103 de sol din spatele structurii care se presupune c\u0103 se afl\u0103 \u00eentr-o stare activ\u0103 de echilibru (dac\u0103 structura este suficient de flexibil\u0103) \u0219i, eventual, dintr-o mas\u0103 de sol aflat\u0103 la baza lucr\u0103rii, care se presupune a fi \u00a0\u00eentr-o stare de echilibru pasiv.<br \/>\nEvaluarea E<sub>d<\/sub> poate fi efectuat\u0103 conform descrierii din anexa E din EC8, \u00een\u00a0 care se diferen\u021biaz\u0103 urm\u0103toarele cazuri:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">P\u0103m\u00e2nt impermeabil sub sarcini seismice sub nivelul apei subterane;<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify\">Teren cu permeabilitate ridicat\u0103 chiar \u0219i sub sarcini seismice<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-823 aligncenter\" style=\"text-align: center\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-15.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"422\" height=\"310\" \/><em>Figura 10 \u2013 Schema interac\u021biunii dintre lucr\u0103ri \u0219i teren<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">\u00cempingerea total\u0103 proiectat\u0103 E<sub>d<\/sub> este rezultatul for\u021belor statice \u0219i dinamice ale terenului:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-827\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/2020-07-06_17-32-58-300x40.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"300\" height=\"40\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/2020-07-06_17-32-58-300x40.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/2020-07-06_17-32-58.png 317w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><br \/>\n<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-831\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/2020-07-06_17-33-40-300x95.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"417\" height=\"132\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/2020-07-06_17-33-40-300x95.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/2020-07-06_17-33-40.png 513w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 417px) 100vw, 417px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong>Coeficientul de \u00eempingere al terenului<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">P\u0103m\u00e2nt impermeabil sub \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103turi seismice sub nivelul apei subterane<\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-full wp-image-835 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/2020-07-06_17-40-38.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"266\" height=\"294\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Teren cu permeabilitate ridicat\u0103 chiar \u0219i sub sarcini seismice<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-839\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/2020-07-06_17-41-44-253x300.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"253\" height=\"300\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/2020-07-06_17-41-44-253x300.png 253w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/2020-07-06_17-41-44.png 256w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 253px) 100vw, 253px\" \/><\/p>\n<h3 style=\"text-align: justify\">ABORDAREA PROIECT\u0102RII (DA) CONFORM EC7<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Coeficien\u021bii par\u021biali se aplic\u0103 direct ac\u021biunilor sau efectelor ac\u021biunilor \u0219i rezisten\u021belor individuale sau rezisten\u021bei globale. Pentru caracteristicile soluRILOR, coeficien\u0163ii par\u021bial se aplic\u0103 valorilor <strong>caracteristice ale parametrilor<\/strong> (marca\u021bi cu &#8222;k&#8221;) pentru a determina valorile de proiectare corespunz\u0103toare (marca\u021bi cu &#8222;d&#8221;).<br \/>\n<strong>Verificarea prevede pur \u0219i simplu \u00eendeplinirea inegalit\u0103\u021bii:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Rd \u2265 Ed<\/em><\/p>\n<p><strong>Abordarea DA1C1<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-1252 \" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-16-3-300x269.png\" alt=\"geostru Eurocodici-EC7--16\" width=\"414\" height=\"372\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-16-3-300x269.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-16-3.png 461w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 414px) 100vw, 414px\" \/><br \/>\n<em>Figura 11 \u2013 Aboradarea DA1C1<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Coeficien\u021bi par\u021biali aplica\u021bi ac\u021biunilor \u0219i nu caracterisicile de rezisten\u021b\u0103 a solurilor<\/p>\n<p><strong>Abordarea DA1C2<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1256 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-17-2-300x245.png\" alt=\"geostru Eurocodici-EC7--17\" width=\"448\" height=\"366\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-17-2-300x245.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-17-2.png 519w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 448px) 100vw, 448px\" \/><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><em>Figura 12 \u2013 Aboradarea DA1C2<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Coeficien\u021bii par\u021biali aplica\u021bi caracteristicilor de rezisten\u021b\u0103 ale solurilor \u0219i nu ac\u021biunilor<\/p>\n<p><strong>Abordarea DA2<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1268 aligncenter\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-18-2-300x256.png\" alt=\"Eurocodici-EC7--18 geostru\" width=\"431\" height=\"367\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-18-2-300x256.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-18-2.png 495w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 431px) 100vw, 431px\" \/><em>Figura 13 \u2013 Aboradarea DA2<\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Coeficien\u021bii par\u021biali aplica\u021bi la ac\u021biuni sau direct la efectul ac\u021biunilor (coeficien\u021bii \u03b3<sub>E<\/sub>) \u0219i la rezisten\u021ba global\u0103 (coeficien\u021bii \u03b3<sub>R<\/sub>), \u0219i nu la caracteristicile de rezisten\u021b\u0103 ale solurilor.<\/p>\n<h3>Efectul abord\u0103rii proiect\u0103rii (DA)<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: center\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"wp-image-1272 aligncenter\" title=\"effetto design approach ec8\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-19-300x215.jpg\" alt=\"Eurocodici-EC7--19 geostru\" width=\"706\" height=\"506\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-19-300x215.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2020\/07\/Eurocodici-EC7-19.jpg 730w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 706px) 100vw, 706px\" \/><em>Figura 14 &#8211; Effetto del Design Approach (AC) &#8211; Pentru mecanismul de alunecare exist\u0103 o coinciden\u021b\u0103 substan\u021bial\u0103 a rezultatelor ob\u021binute de abord\u0103rile DA1C2 \u0219i DA2.<br \/>\nVerific\u0103rile efectuate folosind abordarea DA1C1 sunt mai pu\u021bin greoaie (peste ea) &#8211;\u00a0 Pentru mecanismul de r\u0103sturnare, verific\u0103rile efectuate cu abordarea DA2 sunt \u00eentotdeauna cele mai greoaie (sub).<\/em><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Software-ul <span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><span style=\"color: #3b8ced\"><a style=\"color: #3b8ced;text-decoration: underline\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/ro\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Geostru<\/a><\/span><\/span> efectueaz\u0103 analize \u0219i calcule conform Eurocodes pentru a fi proiectat \u0219i utilizat \u0219i \u00een str\u0103in\u0103tate. Printre softurile care se refer\u0103 \u0219i la Eurocoduri:<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><strong><span style=\"color: #3b8ced\"><a style=\"color: #3b8ced\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/ro\/shop\/software-ro\/structuri\/ziduri-de-sprijin\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Ziduri de sprijin, MDC:<\/a> <\/span><\/strong>este un produs software destinat proiectarii si analizei zidurilor de sprijin din beton armat, cu fundatii directe sau pe piloti, si, optional, in prezenta ancorajelor.<br \/>\nProgramul realizeaza calculul geotehnic folosind, la alegerea utilizatorului, teoriile adoptate in general \u00een geotehnica, efectuand toate verificarile impuse de normativa aleasa, printre care aceea a stabilitatii globale, chiar si in conditii seismice.<br \/>\nCalculul structural realizeaza dimensionarea si verificarea armaturilor, folosind metoda Starilor Limita Ultime sau a Tensiunilor Admisibile.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/ro\/shop\/software-ro\/software-geologia-ro-2\/stabilitatea-taluzurilor-slope\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><span style=\"color: #3b8ced;text-decoration: underline\">Stabilitatea taluzurilor \u2013 Slope:<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/a> Software pentru stabilitatea taluzurilor in terenuri afanate sau de roci cu metodele traditionale ale geotehnicii (Echilibrul Limita), si metoda Elementelor Discrete cu care se poate calcula deplasarea taluzului si se poate examina ruptura progresiva. In conditii seismice realizeaza atat analiza statica cat si analiza dinamica.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/ro\/shop\/software-ro\/software-geologia-ro-2\/capacitatea-portanta-si-tasari-fundatii\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><span style=\"color: #3b8ced;text-decoration: underline\">Capacitatea portanta a fundatiilor de suprafata \u2013 LoadCap<\/span><\/span>: <\/strong><\/a>Software de calcul pentru capacitatea portanta si tasari dupa metoda Terzaghi, Meyerhof, Hansen, Vesic, Brinch-Hansen, Richards et al.,\u00a0<span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><span style=\"color: #3b8ced;text-decoration: underline\"><a style=\"color: #3b8ced;text-decoration: underline\" href=\"http:\/\/www.civilfoundationengineering.com\/ultimate-bearing-capacity-of-footings-resting-on-stratified-deposits-of-soil\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Meyerhof and Hanna (1978)<\/a>\u00a0<\/span><\/span>a tasarilor elastice (Timoshenko si Goodier), tasarilor edometrice, Schmertmann, Burland si Burbidge, lichefierii folosid metoda Seed e Idris (1971).<br \/>\nUltimele implementari includ anexa nationala a EUROCOD 7: SR EN 1997-1\/NB\/2007\u00a0(pentru Romania), oferind astfel posibilitatea verificarii terenului de fundare conform Anexei nationale (RO). De asemenea a fost introdusa si preluarea automata a acceleratiei seismice de varf direct de pe harta seismica a Romaniei..<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/ro\/shop\/software-ro\/structuri\/sprijiniri-pereti-mulati-palplanse\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><strong><span style=\"text-decoration: underline\"><span style=\"color: #3b8ced;text-decoration: underline\">Sprijiniri pereti mulati palplanse \u2013 SPW<\/span><\/span><\/strong><\/a> &#8211; Software pentru proiectarea si calculul lucrarilor de sustinere de tip pereti mulati, palplanse (metalice, din lemn sau din ciment armat), pereti din piloti sau micropiloti forati. Metodele de calcul utilizate sunt: Echilibrul limita, Elemente finite. Metodele amintite au o complexitate crescuta atat din punct de vedere numeric, cat si din punct de vedere al calitatii parametrilor geotehnici necesari calculului.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/ro\/software-pentru-inginerie-geotehnica-geologie-geomecanica-geofizica-testare-in-situ-a-solului-topografie-hidraulica-si-hidrologie\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">si altul&#8230;<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.phd.eng.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/12\/en.1990.2002.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Eurocod 1990<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ngm2016.com\/uploads\/2\/1\/7\/9\/21790806\/eurocode_7_-_geotechnical_designen.1997.1.2004.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Eurocod 1997-1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.phd.eng.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/02\/en.1998.1.2004.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Eurocod 1998-1<\/a><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.phd.eng.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/11\/en.1998.5.2004.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Eurocod 1998-5<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Eurocodurile sunt un set de standarde europene (EN), referitoare la proiectarea \u00een domeniul construc\u021biilor civile \u0219i a produselor de construc\u021bie prefabricate. Ele reprezint\u0103 referin\u021ba general\u0103 a standardelor na\u021bionale \u00een vigoare \u0219i permit profesionistului s\u0103 poat\u0103 proiecta \u0219i \u00een str\u0103in\u0103tate, prin criterii comune de calcul. Istoria Eurocodurilor \u00cen 1975, Comisia European\u0103 a decis s\u0103 creeze un&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":16658,"featured_media":1301,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1443],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1888","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articoli-geotecnica-ro","category-1443","description-off"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.0 (Yoast SEO v25.0) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Eurocoduri: Proiectarea geotehnic\u0103 - Geostru Blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Eurocodurile sunt un set de standarde europene (EN), referitoare la proiectare \u00een domeniul ingineriei. 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