{"id":11071,"date":"2023-10-03T15:26:37","date_gmt":"2023-10-03T15:26:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/liquefazione-e-sisma\/"},"modified":"2023-10-09T14:08:54","modified_gmt":"2023-10-09T14:08:54","slug":"lichefierea-si-cutremurul","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/ro\/lichefierea-si-cutremurul\/","title":{"rendered":"Lichefierea \u0219i cutremurul"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\"><p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h2>Lichefierea \u0219i cutremurul<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Lichefierea este un fenomen extrem de complex \u0219i poten\u021bial distructiv \u0219i poate avea loc \u00een timpul unui eveniment seismic de intensitate semnificativ\u0103, Accelera\u021biile generate de un eveniment seismic conduc la o cre\u0219tere a presiunii neutre a apei intersti\u021biale con\u021binute \u00eentr-un sol nisipos saturat.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11030\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/09\/1-300x184.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"717\" height=\"439\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/09\/1-300x184.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/09\/1-768x471.jpg 768w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/09\/1.jpg 977w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 717px) 100vw, 717px\" \/><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><strong>Figura 1<\/strong> \u2013 Compara\u021bie \u00eentre solul stabil la st\u00e2nga \u0219i solul lichefiat la dreapta (de la Enciclopedia Britannica Inc, 2012)<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Cre\u0219terea presiunilor neutre duce la anularea tensiunilor eficace \u0219i a rezisten\u021bei la t\u0103iere a solului. Pierderea temporar\u0103 a coeziunii \u00een solul nisipos face ca solul s\u0103 se comporte ca un fluid.Acest comportament al solului poate duce la o sl\u0103bire semnificativ\u0103 a capacit\u0103\u021bii de suport a solului \u00een sine, ceea ce poate duce la scufundarea sau \u00eenclinarea structurilor construite pe el (<strong>figura1, 2,3<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11026\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/09\/2-300x204.jpg\" alt=\"liquefaction\" width=\"786\" height=\"534\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/09\/2-300x204.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/09\/2-768x523.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 786px) 100vw, 786px\" \/><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><strong>Figura 2<\/strong> \u2013 Cazuri reale: A) Lichefierea \u00een ora\u0219ul Urayasu, Japonia; B) ma\u0219ini blocate \u00een ap\u0103 m\u00e2loas\u0103 clocotit\u0103 (conform lui Yasuda et al., 2013); C) efectele lichefierii nisipurilor (Niigata, 1964); evenimentul din Kobe, 1995.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<h2>Terenuri \u00een condi\u021bii non drenate<\/h2>\n<p>\u00cen condi\u021bii statice, solurile nisipoase sunt \u00een mod tipic considerate a fi \u00eentr-o stare drenat\u0103, \u00een care presiunea neutr\u0103 din interiorul solului are timp s\u0103 se echilibreze cu condi\u021biile din jur. Cu toate acestea, \u00een timpul fenomenului de lichefiere indus de un eveniment seismic, acceler\u0103rile exercitate asupra solului determin\u0103 o cre\u0219tere extrem de rapid\u0103 a presiunii neutre, \u00eempiedic\u00e2nd presiunea s\u0103 se disipe \u00een intervalul de timp disponibil.<\/p>\n<p>\u00cen esen\u021b\u0103, cre\u0219terea brusc\u0103 a presiunii neutre \u00een timpul lichefierii, cauzat\u0103 de for\u021bele seismice implicate, creeaz\u0103 condi\u021bii nedrenate \u00een care solul nisipos \u00ee\u0219i pierde capacitatea de a disipa rapid presiunile neutre acumulate.(<strong>Fig.3<\/strong>).<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11038\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/09\/3-300x229.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"662\" height=\"506\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/09\/3-300x229.jpg 300w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/09\/3.jpg 668w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 662px) 100vw, 662px\" \/><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><strong>Figura 3<\/strong> \u2013A) Stare stabil\u0103, pre-lichefiere, \u00een care granulele de nisip sunt \u00een contact \u00eentre ele; B) \u00cen urma cutremurului, apare pierderea coeziunii dintre granule \u0219i solul dob\u00e2nde\u0219te un comportament lichid (conform lui Youd, 1992).<\/em><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Acest scenariu poate fi comparat cu situa\u021bia \u00een care aplicarea unei \u00eenc\u0103rc\u0103turi externe are loc la o vitez\u0103 mult mai mare dec\u00e2t viteza cu care presiunile neutre pot s\u0103 se disipe (de exemplu, \u00eentr-un test penetrometric). \u00cen timpul procesului de lichefiere, chiar dac\u0103 nisipul are o permeabilitate intrinsec\u0103 ridicat\u0103, acesta se va afla \u00eentr-o stare denumit\u0103 &#8222;nedrenat\u0103&#8221;, \u00een care presiunile neutre nu au oportunitatea de a fi disipate.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Metode pentru efectuarea verific\u0103rilor<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00cen cadrul verific\u0103rilor de siguran\u021b\u0103 legate de fenomenul de lichefiere, pot fi adoptate diferite abord\u0103ri metodologice, care variaz\u0103 de la metode simplificate la cele mai sofisticate bazate pe analize avansate.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00cen cadrul verific\u0103rilor folosind metode simplificate, se efectueaz\u0103 determinarea unui coeficient de siguran\u021b\u0103, ob\u021binut prin raportul dintre rezisten\u021ba la lichefiere, denumit\u0103 CRR (Cyclic Resistance Ratio, adic\u0103 raportul de rezisten\u021b\u0103 ciclic\u0103 la lichefiere), \u0219i solicitarea generat\u0103 de ac\u021biunea seismic\u0103, numit\u0103 CSR (Cyclic Stress Ratio, adic\u0103 raportul de stres ciclic la lichefiere).<\/li>\n<li style=\"text-align: justify;\">Metodele de analiz\u0103 avansat\u0103 se bazeaz\u0103 pe analize unidimensionale sau bidimensionale pentru a determina evolu\u021bia eforturilor \u0219i a deform\u0103rilor de t\u0103iere induse de ac\u021biunea seismic\u0103. Aceste abord\u0103ri necesit\u0103 utilizarea unor coduri complexe de calcul numeric \u0219i efectuarea de teste dinamice pe teren \u0219i teste ciclice de laborator pentru definirea modelului geotehnic al subsolului.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Ce s\u0103 faci dac\u0103 solul este lichefiabil.<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Dac\u0103 rezultatele analizei de susceptibilitate la lichefiere nu sunt satisf\u0103c\u0103toare, va trebui s\u0103 se ia \u00een considerare adoptarea unui sistem de funda\u021bii pe pilo\u021bi. Ace\u0219ti pilo\u021bi vor fi amplasa\u021bi \u00een zonele cu caracteristici geotehnice bune. \u00cen alternativ\u0103, va trebui s\u0103 se planifice implementarea unor m\u0103suri specifice pentru \u00eembun\u0103t\u0103\u021birea caracteristicilor geotehnice ale solului de funda\u021bie prin utilizarea de injec\u021bii cu r\u0103\u0219ini expandabile.<\/p>\n<h2 style=\"text-align: justify;\">Verific\u0103ri post-operare de lichefiere<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\u00cen cazul unui teren susceptibil la lichefiere \u00een care se opteaz\u0103 pentru utilizarea pilo\u021bilor ca solu\u021bie, este posibil s\u0103 efectua\u021bi verific\u0103ri de lichefiere \u021bin\u00e2nd cont \u0219i de viitoarele lucr\u0103ri structurale. Acest proces poate fi u\u0219or realizat folosind <a href=\"https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/ro\/shop\/software-ro\/geotehnica-si-geologie\/lichefierea-terenului\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00a0software-ul Liquiter al Geostru<\/a>. De fapt, din ecranul prezentat \u00een <strong>figura 4<\/strong>, este evident c\u0103, dup\u0103 ce a\u021bi selectat tipul de interven\u021bie, pute\u021bi recalcula factorul de siguran\u021b\u0103 la lichefiere la diferite ad\u00e2ncimi pentru a evalua eficacitatea interven\u021biei, urm\u00e2nd \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/ro\/priebe-1995-reducerea-riscului-de-lichefiere\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">metoda lui Priebe<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\"><em><strong><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-11052\" src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/09\/priebe-1-300x157.png\" alt=\"\" width=\"1128\" height=\"590\" srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/09\/priebe-1-300x157.png 300w, https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/09\/priebe-1-1024x537.png 1024w, 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data-date=\"2023-03-28T08:20:29+00:00\" data-name=\"liquiter priebe\"><figure class=\"post\"><a href=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/03\/liquiter-priebe.gif\" class=\"rollover dt-pswp-item layzr-bg\" data-large_image_width=\"1920\" data-large_image_height=\"1029\" data-dt-img-description=\"\" title=\"liquiter priebe\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"preload-me owl-lazy-load aspect\" src=\"data:image\/svg+xml,%3Csvg%20xmlns%3D&#39;http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2F2000%2Fsvg&#39;%20viewBox%3D&#39;0%200%201920%201029&#39;%2F%3E\" data-src=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/03\/liquiter-priebe.gif\" data-srcset=\"https:\/\/blog.geostru.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/9\/2023\/03\/liquiter-priebe.gif 1920w\" loading=\"eager\" style=\"--ratio: 1920 \/ 1029\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px\" alt=\"priebe\" width=\"1920\" height=\"1029\"  \/><span class=\"gallery-rollover\"><span class=\"gallery-zoom-ico icomoon-the7-font-the7-zoom-06\"><span><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/figure><\/div><\/div>[\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_column_text]<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"product_title entry-title\">Lichefierea solului- Liquiter<\/h3>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">Software-ul<a href=\"https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/shop\/software\/software-geotecnica\/liquefazione-terreni\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"> Liquiter al Geostru<\/a> permite planificarea unor m\u0103suri pentru reducerea\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/help.geostru.eu\/liquiter\/it\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">riscului de lichefiere<\/a> (Priebe 1998) \u0219i recalculeaz\u0103 tensiunile induse de cutremur, factorul de siguran\u021b\u0103 \u0219i poten\u021bialul de lichefiere dup\u0103 implementarea acestor interven\u021bii.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;]<a href=\"https:\/\/www.geostru.eu\/ro\/shop\/software-ro\/geotehnica-si-geologie\/lichefierea-terenului\/\" class=\"btn-shortcode dt-btn-m dt-btn default-btn-color default-btn-hover-color default-btn-bg-color default-btn-bg-hover-color\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"dt-btn-1\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Mai multe informa\u021bii<\/span><\/a>[\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;]<a href=\"https:\/\/help.geostru.eu\/liquiter\/en\/\" class=\"btn-shortcode dt-btn-m dt-btn default-btn-color default-btn-hover-color default-btn-bg-color default-btn-bg-hover-color\" target=\"_blank\" id=\"dt-btn-2\" rel=\"noopener\"><span>Ghidul utilizatorului<\/span><\/a>[\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>[vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text] Lichefierea \u0219i cutremurul Lichefierea este un fenomen extrem de complex \u0219i poten\u021bial distructiv \u0219i poate avea loc \u00een timpul unui eveniment seismic de intensitate semnificativ\u0103, Accelera\u021biile generate de un eveniment seismic conduc la o cre\u0219tere a presiunii neutre a apei intersti\u021biale con\u021binute \u00eentr-un sol nisipos saturat. &nbsp; Figura 1 \u2013 Compara\u021bie \u00eentre solul stabil&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":21284,"featured_media":11048,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2183,1595,1969,1443,2106],"tags":[2313],"class_list":["post-11071","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-cutremur","category-geologie","category-geotehnica-ro","category-articoli-geotecnica-ro","category-normativa-ro","tag-lichefierea","category-2183","category-1595","category-1969","category-1443","category-2106","description-off"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v25.0 (Yoast SEO v25.0) - 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